Scientists close to developing 'a functional star' for the benefit of the planet: 'Seems completely impossible'

Several innovative companies are preparing to showcase their progress in achieving nuclear fusion, although significant challenges remain. Could this signal the beginning of a solution to the global energy crisis?

According to The New York Times, "Building a functional star on our planet may sound impossible, yet researchers have already made remarkable strides toward that goal." Multiple startups are working to move fusion technology from experimental labs into practical use.

Nuclear fusion is the process powering stars, including the sun. Its potential benefits are enormous. The International Atomic Energy Agency explains, "Successfully reproducing fusion on Earth at an industrial scale could deliver nearly limitless, clean, and safe energy to meet worldwide demand."

In December 2022, a U.S. government-funded fusion experiment produced more energy than was needed to initiate the reaction, even if only for a brief moment. Achieving this requires creating conditions of extreme heatmillions of degrees Celsiusto overcome Earth's lower pressure compared to stellar cores.

Fusion on Earth demands heating a gas to over 100 million degrees Celsius, stripping electrons from atoms and turning the gas into plasma. If the plasma can be maintained at sufficient heat and pressure, it can produce more energy than is used to sustain it.

Reaching this "net energy gain" is far from simple. Plasma is extremely sensitive and can be disrupted easily, requiring advanced magnetic or laser containment systems. Properly controlling these conditions is critical to achieving sustained energy output.

With global energy demand rising and climate challenges intensifying due to carbon emissions, fusion represents a potential avenue for clean and abundant energy. However, some experts, like energy analyst Ross McCracken, caution that fusion technology remains decades from widespread deployment, involves high costs, and still presents issues with radioactive byproducts.

While fusion generates far less dangerous waste than traditional nuclear fission, researchers still need to develop materials capable of withstanding extreme conditions. Investors such as Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos have poured hundreds of millions into the field, but, as Columbia plasma physics professor Gerald Navratil notes, "Until it is demonstrated at scale, it remains a concept."

Currently, experimental reactors such as tokamaks are complex, costly, and require innovative materials and engineering. Meanwhile, private companies are exploring alternative approaches: Type One Energy and Thea Energy are using stellarators, Zap Energy is experimenting with plasma filaments energized by electricity, and Canadas General Fusion aims to compress plasma using mechanical pistons.

Richard Magee, VP of physics research at TAE Technologies, describes the current fusion landscape as "the wild west," noting that the coming decade will reveal which approaches endure and succeed.

Author: Olivia Parker