Top 5 water filters for reducing contaminants and microplastics in tap water

The quality of tap water has become a growing concern, as recent studies reveal contaminants that many would prefer not to find in their drinking water.

Recent Findings

A study published in November 2024 showed that over 113 million Americans consume tap water containing a newly identified chemical byproduct called chloronitramide anion. This compound forms from the breakdown of inorganic chloramine, which is commonly used to treat municipal water and prevent microbial growth. While chloramine itself is considered safe, the health effects of this byproduct remain uncertain.

In 2023, research funded by the government and published in Environmental International detected PFAS (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, known as forever chemicals) in nearly half of U.S. drinking water supplies.

Lead also persists as a concern in certain areas. The EPA announced in October 2024 plans to replace legacy lead pipes serving roughly 9 million homes, primarily in low-income communities.

Even bottled water can pose risks, with studies revealing high levels of microplastics in some products.

Potential Contaminants in Tap Water

Your local water utility tests for specific contaminants, but not all potential risks are monitored, especially those originating from home plumbing or private wells. Experts highlight three common contaminants:

• Lead: Can leach from pipes or plumbing fixtures, posing risks to brain, kidney, and nerve development.
• Nitrates: Often found in rural well water, they can affect oxygen transport in the blood.
• PFAS: Linked to reproductive issues and certain cancers.

Disinfection byproducts, arsenic, and microplastics are also emerging concerns.

Assessing the Risk

Despite these findings, tap water in the U.S. is generally safe. Experts recommend staying informed and using filters when necessary. John Rumpler, clean water director for Environment America, notes that lead exposure from home plumbing is more common than from municipal water systems.

Health Implications

Potential effects depend on the contaminant:

• Lead: Brain, kidney, developmental, and nerve damage
• Nitrates: Increased heart rate and certain cancer risks
• PFAS: Reproductive problems and higher risk of some cancers

Newly discovered compounds like chloronitramide anion are still being studied.

Using Water Filtration

Water filters can help if used correctly. Filters are specific to certain contaminants, so it is essential to choose one that targets the chemicals you are concerned about. Checking your municipalitys water quality report and performing home tests can guide your choice.

Features to Consider

• Type: Point-of-use filters (pitchers, faucet-mounted, countertop) versus whole-house systems
• Certifications: NSF or WQA certification ensures the filter performs as claimed
• Target contaminants: Make sure the filter removes the chemicals of concern

Recommended Home Water Tests

• Varify 17-in-1 Kit: Detects lead, iron, copper, nitrates, chlorine, and more. Provides results in minutes for most contaminants. $27 at Amazon
• Professional PFAS Test: Mail-in lab analysis for PFAS and PFOS, with results in ~10 business days. $299 at Amazon
• Safe Home Arsenic Test: DIY kit giving results in 30 minutes for arsenic detection. $30 at Amazon

Recommended Water Filters

• PUR PLUS Faucet-Mounted Filter: Removes 70 contaminants including lead and mercury. $33 at Amazon
• Boroux Legacy Countertop Filter: Eliminates PFAS, lead, chlorine, and more. Holds 3 gallons, filters 24,000 gallons before replacement. $337 at Amazon
• LifeStraw Go Bottle: Travel bottle removing nearly all bacteria and parasites. $39 at Amazon
• Aqua-Pure Whole-House System: Removes chlorine, sediment, and scale; filter lasts one year. $388 at Amazon
• Brita Elite Pitcher: Reduces heavy metals and chlorine; holds 10 cups. $36 at Amazon

Expert Advice

Lead is the most concerning contaminant due to its potential for harm, and not all filters remove it effectively. Checking your water quality and selecting the appropriate filter is essential. Shower filters may also be useful in areas with arsenic.

Experts Consulted

• John Rumpler Clean Water Director, Environment America
• Brian Buckley Executive Director, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University

Note: This information is for educational purposes and is not medical advice.

Author's Analysis: Understanding the Emerging Risks in U.S. Tap Water

Recent studies underscore growing concerns about tap water quality in the United States. Over 113 million Americans are potentially exposed to chloronitramide anion, a byproduct of chloramine used in water treatment. While chloramine itself is considered safe, the health effects of this newly identified compound remain unclear.

Other persistent contaminants, including PFAS and lead, continue to pose risks. Nearly half of U.S. drinking water supplies tested positive for PFAS in 2023, and legacy lead pipes still serve approximately 9 million homes, primarily in low-income communities. Nitrates, disinfection byproducts, arsenic, and microplastics further contribute to potential exposure, particularly in private wells or older plumbing systems.

Despite these findings, experts emphasize that U.S. tap water is generally safe. Risk mitigation strategies include monitoring local water reports, using certified filters targeting specific contaminants, and performing home testing where appropriate. Lead remains the most critical concern due to its irreversible effects on brain and kidney development, making filtration and testing particularly important for households with vulnerable populations.

As new compounds like chloronitramide anion are studied, staying informed and proactive is essential. Appropriate filtration, awareness of local water quality, and understanding the specific risks of each contaminant can help consumers maintain safe and reliable drinking water.

Sources:

• 5 Best water filters to help reduce contaminants and microplastics in tap water