Researchers uncover unsettling finding in blood samples: 'Provides insight into history'

Scientists in North Carolina have discovered concerning evidence that PFAS, often referred to as "forever chemicals," may build up in the human body in ways previously underestimated. A recent study published in Environmental Science and Technology examined blood samples from Wilmington residents collected between 2010 and 2016 and found unusually high levels of ultrashort-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).

The research identified two ultrashort-chain PFAS compoundsperfluoromethoxyacetic acid (PFMOAA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)in nearly every sample analyzed. Both substances are believed to originate from the Chemours Fayetteville Works plant, which released PFAS into the Cape Fear River, Wilmington's main water source, for decades. In contrast, GenX, the chemical that initially sparked public concern in the region, appeared in only 20% of the samples. PFMOAA, however, reached a median concentration of 42 nanograms per milliliter, the highest recorded in the study.

"Short-chain PFAS were previously thought to pose less risk because they supposedly dont accumulate in the body," explained Jane Hoppin, a study author and head of the GenX Exposure Study at NC State. "Our findings suggest they can exist at significant levels in humans."

PFAS are chemicals widely used in products such as nonstick cookware, water-repellent clothing, and firefighting foam. Exposure to these substances has been associated with multiple health issues, including liver and thyroid disorders, decreased fertility, higher susceptibility to infections, and cancer. Shorter-chain PFAS were once assumed to be less likely to accumulate in the body due to their chemical structure compared to longer-chain variants like GenX, but new detection methods have revealed otherwise.

"Analyzing these older samples provides insight into past exposure," Hoppin said. "Monitoring current levels will help us understand how PFAS accumulate and what health consequences might arise."

Since 2017, the Fayetteville Works facility has been mandated to reduce PFAS discharges into local rivers and the air, though prior contamination may have already been extensive. The GenX Exposure Study is expanding to include newer blood samples to further investigate potential health effects.

Efforts to address PFAS pollution are intensifying. While federal regulations on these chemicals remain uncertain, more states are imposing stricter drinking water standards and requiring corporate cleanup measures. Experts advise individuals to use water filters certified to remove PFAS, such as those with activated carbon or reverse osmosis systems, and to avoid nonstick cookware and fabrics treated with PFAS.

Author: Sophia Brooks