Australian settlement pushed back 60,000 years in new genetic study, supporting 'long chronology'

A groundbreaking genomic analysis has reignited discussions about when humans first settled the ancient supercontinent of Sahul, encompassing modern-day Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania. The study concludes that the earliest settlers arrived approximately 60,000 to 65,000 years ago, significantly earlier than some prior genetic estimates.

Published in Science Advances, the research examined an unprecedented collection of 2,456 mitochondrial genomes from Indigenous populations in Australia, New Guinea, Island Southeast Asia, and Oceania. By integrating this extensive genetic data with Y-chromosome information, archaeological findings, climate models, and revised mutation rates, the researchers strongly support the long chronology of human migration into Sahul.

Archaeological sites such as Madjedbebe in northern Australia, dating back nearly 65,000 years, have long indicated an early human presence. However, previous genomic studies suggested a later arrival between 47,000 and 51,000 years ago. The new study reconciles these discrepancies, aligning genetic evidence with the oldest archaeological records.

One of the most remarkable insights is that early humans entered Sahul via multiple migration paths rather than a single route. Genomic data indicate at least two distinct pathways: a northern route through island Southeast Asia into New Guinea, and a southern route through mainland Southeast Asia into northern Australia. Different ancient mitochondrial lineages, dating back roughly 60,000 years, are found in separate regions of Sahul, supporting the idea of simultaneous settlement along multiple corridors.

Reaching Sahul required open-water crossings of the Wallace Line, a deep-water barrier separating Asian and Australian ecosystems. The findings suggest that early humans possessed advanced maritime skills far earlier than previously thought. One of the studys authors noted, This enhances our understanding of human origins, maritime mobility, and early seafaring narratives. It highlights the deep heritage of Indigenous communities and the abilities of these early voyagers.

The research confirms that ancestors of todays Indigenous Australians and Papuans form one of the worlds most ancient continuous human populations outside Africa. Their genetic lineages have remained largely isolated for tens of thousands of years, offering valuable insight into the earliest phases of human migration.

By combining genomic, archaeological, and environmental evidence on an unprecedented scale, the study represents a major advancement in tracing human dispersal across the globe. The authors emphasize, Our findings indicate that humans left Africa earlier than previously believed, reaching the Sunda region around 60,000 years ago. Settlement of Sahul followed quickly, likely via multiple routes.

Overall, the research strengthens archaeological claims and reshapes the narrative of early human expansion, demonstrating that the first Australians were exceptional navigators and explorers of the ancient world.

Author: Sophia Brooks